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Prospective observation of hemodynamic changes before and after the formation of atherosclerotic stenosis in the carotid artery is difficult. Thus, a vessel surface repairing method was used for retrospective hemodynamic study before and after atherosclerotic stenosis formation in carotid artery. The three-dimensional geometry of sixteen sinus atherosclerotic stenosis carotid arteries were repaired and restored as normal arteries. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to estimate wall shear stress (WSS), velocity and vortex in atherosclerosis-free areas and sinus in stenosis-repaired carotid artery. The analysis was also performed in the stenotic segment and upstream and downstream of stenosis in stenotic carotid artery. Compared to the atherosclerosis-free areas in stenosis-repaired carotid artery, sinus presented significantly lower WSS ( P  < 0.05), lower velocity ( P  < 0.05) and apparent vortex. Compared to the sinus, the WSS in the upstream of stenosis was lower ( P  < 0.05), while in the downstream area was similar ( P  = 0.87), both upstream and downstream of stenosis demonstrated similar velocity to sinus ( P  = 0.76 and  P  = 0.36, respectively) and apparent vortex. Atherosclerosis-prone areas including normal carotid sinus and upstream and downstream of stenosis in stenotic carotid artery were subjected to lower WSS and velocity as well as apparent vortex, thereby might be associated with the formation and progress of atherosclerosis.

Retrospective Study of Hemodynamic Changes Before and After Carotid Stenosis Formation by Vessel Surface Repairing