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The overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against EV infections among infants and children remain unknown. The non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of  EV-A  species (Enterovirus 71 (EV71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16)),  EV-B  species (Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3)),  EV-C  species (Poliovirus 1 (PV1)) and  RV-A  species (Rhinovirus A N13 (RV13)) were detected and analyzed using a novel evolved immunoglobulin-binding molecule (NEIBM)-based ELISA among infants and children aged 1 day to 6 years in Shanghai. The anti-VP1 reactivity against these EVs changed similarly in an age-related dynamic: being high level in the 1–28-day age group, declining to the lowest level in the 1–12-month age group, gradually increasing to the peak level in the 13–60-month age group, and remarkably declining in the 61–72-month age group, which reflects the conversion from maternally-derived to primary antibody responses. The anti-RV13 VP1 antibodies were demonstrated at the highest level, with anti-CB3 and PV1 VP1 antibodies at the second highest level and anti-CA16 and EV71 VP1 antibodies at the lowest level. These findings are the first to describe the overall non-neutralizing antibody responses against VP1 of the  EV-A, B, C  and  RV-A  viruses among the infants and children and could be helpful for further understanding the ubiquitous EV infections among children.

Non-neutralizing Antibody Responses against VP1 in Enterovirus A, B, C and Rhinovirus A species among Infants and Children in Shanghai