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Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase (Fads2) is a rate-limiting enzyme in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Comparative analysis of gene promoters of Fads2 between salmonids and carnivorous marine fish suggested that the lack of binding site for stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1) was responsible for the low expression of  fads 2 gene of carnivorous marine species. To confirm this speculation, the  fads 2 candidate promoter (2646 bp) was cloned from carnivorous marine teleost  Epinephelus coioides , and 330 bp core regulatory region was identified. Several binding sites for transcriptional factors such as nuclear factor 1, nuclear factor Y, sterol regulatory element and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4γ were identified, while that for Sp1 was shown to be absent in the promoter by both bioinformatic analysis and site-directed mutation. Moreover, after the Sp1-binding site from the  fads 2 promoter of herbivorous  Siganus canaliculatus , the first marine teleost demonstrated to have LC-PUFA biosynthetic ability, was inserted into the corresponding region of  E .  coioides fads 2 promoter, activity was significantly increased. The results provided direct data for the importance of the Sp1-binding site in determining  fads 2 promoter activity, and indicated that its lack may be a reason for low expression of  fads 2 and poor LC-PUFA biosynthetic ability in  E .  coioides .

Characteristics of the fads2 gene promoter in marine teleost Epinephelus coioides and role of Sp1-binding site in determining promoter activity