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Strongyloides  spp., gastrointestinal nematode parasites of humans and other animals, have genetically identical parasitic and free-living adult life cycle stages. This is an almost unique feature amongst nematodes and comparison of these two stages can provide insights into the genetic basis and evolution of  Strongyloides  nematode parasitism. Here, we present RNAseq data for  S .  venezuelensis , a parasite of rodents, and identify genes that are differentially expressed in parasitic and free-living life cycle stages. Comparison of these data with analogous RNAseq data for three other  Strongyloides  spp., has identified key protein-coding gene families with a putative role in parasitism including WAGO-like Argonautes (at the genus level) and speckle-type POZ-like coding genes ( S .  venezuelensis-S .  papillosus  phylogenetic subclade level). Diverse gene families are uniquely upregulated in the parasitic stage of all four  Strongyloides  species, including a distinct upregulation of genes encoding cytochrome P450 in  S .  venezuelensis , suggesting some diversification of the molecular tools used in the parasitic life cycle stage among individual species. Together, our results identify key gene families with a putative role in  Strongyloides  parasitism or features of the parasitic life cycle stage, and deepen our understanding of parasitism evolution among  Strongyloides  species.

Comparative transcriptomics gives insights into the evolution of parasitism in Strongyloides nematodes at the genus, subclade and species level