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Phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU and nuITS sequences of  Buellia violaceofusca  (previously placed in  Lecanoromycetes ), a sterile, sorediate lichen having a trebouxioid photobiont, surprisingly prove that the species is conspecific with  Lecanographa amylacea  ( Arthoniomycetes ), a fertile, esorediate species with a trentepohlioid photobiont. These results suggest that  L .  amylacea  and  B .  violaceofusca  are photomorphs of the same mycobiont species, which, depending on the photobiont type, changes the morphology and the reproduction strategy. This is the first example of a lichenized fungus that can select between  Trebouxia  ( Trebouxiophyceae ) and trentepohlioid ( Ulvophyceae ) photobionts.  Trebouxia  photobionts from the sorediate morphotype belong to at least three different phylogenetic clades, and the results suggest that  Lecanographa amylacea  can capture the photobiont of other lichens such as  Chrysothrix candelaris  to form the sorediate morphotype. Phylogenetic analyses based on  rbcL  DNA data suggest that the trentepohlioid photobiont of  L .  amylacea  is closely related to  Trentepohlia  isolated from fruticose lichens. The flexibility in the photobiont choice enables  L .  amylacea  to use a larger range of tree hosts. This strategy helps the lichen to withstand changes of environmental conditions, to widen its distribution range and to increase its population size, which is particularly important for the survival of this rare species.

Photobiont switching causes changes in the reproduction strategy and phenotypic dimorphism in the Arthoniomycetes