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Animal wastes are potential sources of natural and steroidal estrogen hormones into the environment. These hormones can be removed by microorganisms with induced enzymes. Two strains of 17β-estradiol-degrading bacteria (LM1 and LY1) were isolated from animal wastes. Based on biochemical characteristics and 16 S rDNA gene sequences, we identified strains LM1 and LY1 as belonging to the genus of  Acinetobacter  and  Pseudomonas , respectively. Bacterial co-culture containing LM1 and LY1 bacterial strains could rapidly remove approximately 98% of E2 (5 mg L −1 ) within 7 days. However, strains LM1 and LY1 degraded 77% and 68% of E2 when they were incubated alone, respectively. More than 90% of 17β-estradiol (E2, ≤ 20 mg L −1 ) could be removed by bacterial co-culture. Low C/N ratio (1:35) was more suitable for bacterial growth and E2 degradation. The optimal pH for bacterial co-culture to degrade E2 ranged from 7.00 to 9.00. Coexisting sodium acetate, glucose and sodium citrate decreased E2 degradation in the first 4 days, but more E2 was removed when they were depleted. The growth of the bacterial co-culture was not significantly decreased by Ni, Pb, Cd or Cu at or below 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 or 0.8 mg L −1 , respectively. These data highlight the usefulness of bacterial co-culture in the bioremediation of estrogen-contaminated environments.

Biodegradation of 17β-estradiol by Bacterial Co-culture Isolated from Manure