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Varroa destructor  mites express strong avoidance of the  Apis cerana  worker brood in the field. The molecular mechanism for this phenomenon remains unknown. We identified a  Varroa  toxic protein (VTP), which exhibited toxic activity toward  A .  cerana  worker larvae, in the saliva of these mites, and expressed VTP in an  Escherichia coli  system. We further demonstrated that recombinant VTP killed  A .  cerana  worker larvae and pupae in the absence of deformed-wing virus (DWV) but was not toxic to  A .  cerana  worker adults and drones. The recombinant VTP was safe for  A .  mellifera  individuals, but resulted in elevated DWV titers and the subsequent development of deformed-wing adults. RNAi-mediated suppression of  vtp  gene expression in the mites partially protected  A .  cerana  larvae. We propose a modified mechanism for  Varroa  mite avoidance of worker brood, due to mutual destruction stress, including the worker larvae blocking  Varroa  mite reproduction and  Varroa  mites killing worker larvae by the saliva toxin. The discovery of VTP should provide a better understanding of  Varroa  pathogenesis, facilitate host-parasite mechanism research and allow the development of effective methods to control these harmful mites.

A Saliva Protein of Varroa Mites Contributes to the Toxicity toward Apis cerana and the DWV Elevation in A. mellifera