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Cellulose-pulping requires chemicals such as Cl 2 , ClO 2 , H 2 O 2 , and O 2 . The black liquor (BL) generated exhibits a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), and chlorophenol content, along with an augmented colour and increased pH. BL is often discharged into water bodies, where it has a negative impact on the environment. Towards that end, laccases are of great interest for bioremediation, since they can degrade aromatic and non-aromatic compounds while reducing O 2  to water instead of H 2 O 2 . As such, we evaluated  Pleurotus ostreatus  and  Pichia pastoris  (which produces rPOXA 1B laccase) in the treatment of synthetic BL (SBL) in an “ in vitro ” modified Kraft process followed by CuO/TiO 2 /visible light photocatalysis. Treating SBL with  P. ostreatus  viable biomass (VB) followed by CuO/TiO 2 /visible light photocatalysis resulted in 80.3% COD removal and 70.6% decolourisation. Toxic compounds such as 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, and 2-methoxyphenol were eliminated. Post-treated SBL exhibited low phytotoxicity, as evidenced by a  Lactuca sativa  L seed germination index (GI) > 50%. Likewise, SBL treatment with  P. pastoris  followed by VB/CuO/TiO 2  / visible light photocatalysis resulted in 63.7% COD removal and 46% decolourisation. Moreover, this treatment resulted in the elimination of most unwanted compounds, with the exception of 4-chlorophenol. The  Lactuca sativa  L seed GI of the post-treated SBL was 40%, indicating moderate phytotoxicity.

Detoxification of pulping black liquor with Pleurotus ostreatus or recombinant Pichia pastoris followed by CuO/TiO2/visible photocatalysis