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Coffee is a major tropical commodity crop that can provide supplementary habitat for native wildlife. In Asia, coffee production is an increasingly important driver of landscape transformation and shifts between different coffee species is a major dimension of agroforestry trends. Yet few studies have compared the ecological impacts of conversion between different coffee species. We evaluated whether or not the two species of coffee grown globally— Coffea arabica  and  C. canephora  (denoted “ robusta ”)—had equivalent avian conservation value in the Western Ghats, India, where  robusta  production has become increasingly dominant. We found that habitat specialist and functional guild diversity was higher in  arabica , and that  arabica  was more profitable. However,  robusta  farms generally supported the same or slightly higher abundances of habitat specialists and functional guilds, largely due to dense canopy and landscape-level forest cover. Farming practices, chiefly pesticide use, may affect the suitability of coffee agroforests as habitat for avian specialists, and at present,  robusta  farmers tended to use less pesticide. Given future projections for  arabica  to  robusta  conversion in tropical Asia, our study indicates that certification efforts should prioritize maintaining native canopy shade trees and forest cover to ensure that coffee landscapes can continue providing biodiversity benefits.

Birds and beans: Comparing avian richness and endemism in arabica and robusta agroforests in India’s Western Ghats