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Microorganisms associated with plants are highly diverse and can produce a large number of secondary metabolites, with antimicrobial, anti-parasitic and cytotoxic activities. We are particularly interested in exploring endophytes from medicinal plants found in the Pantanal, a unique and widely unexplored wetland in Brazil. In a bio-prospecting study, strains LGMF1213 and LGMF1215 were isolated as endophytes from  Vochysia divergens , and by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses were characterized as  Phaeophleospora vochysiae  sp. nov. The chemical assessment of this species reveals three major compounds with high biological activity, cercoscosporin ( 1 ), isocercosporin ( 2 ) and the new compound 3-( sec -butyl)-6-ethyl-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-enone ( 3 ). Besides the isolation of  P. vochysiae  as endophyte, the production of cercosporin compounds suggest that under specific conditions this species causes leaf spots, and may turn into a pathogen, since leaf spots are commonly caused by species of  Cercospora  that produce related compounds. In addition, the new compound 3-( sec -butyl)-6-ethyl-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-enone showed considerable antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity, which needs further exploration.

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Phaeophleospora vochysiae Savi &amp; Glienke sp. nov. Isolated from Vochysia divergens Found in the Pantanal, Brazil, Produces Bioactive Secondary Metabolites