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Human facial expressions are a complex capacity, carrying important psychological and neurological information. Facial expressions typically involve the co-activation of several muscles; they vary between individuals, between voluntary versus spontaneous expressions, and depend strongly on personal interpretation. Accordingly, while high-resolution recording of muscle activation in a non-laboratory setting offers exciting opportunities, it remains a major challenge. This paper describes a wearable and non-invasive method for objective mapping of facial muscle activation and demonstrates its application in a natural setting. We focus on muscle activation associated with “enjoyment”, “social” and “masked” smiles; three categories with distinct social meanings. We use an innovative, dry, soft electrode array designed specifically for facial surface electromyography recording, a customized independent component analysis algorithm, and a short training procedure to achieve the desired mapping. First, identification of the  orbicularis oculi  and the  levator labii superioris  was demonstrated from voluntary expressions. Second, the  zygomaticus major  was identified from voluntary and spontaneous Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Finally, using a wireless device in an unmodified work environment revealed expressions of diverse emotions in face-to-face interaction. Our high-resolution and crosstalk-free mapping, along with excellent user-convenience, opens new opportunities in gaming, virtual-reality, bio-feedback and objective psychological and neurological assessment.

A Wearable High-Resolution Facial Electromyography for Long Term Recordings in Freely Behaving Humans