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In a previous study, we reported ten new polyoxygenated cyathane diterpenoids, neocyathins A–J, and their anti-neuroinflammatory effects from the liquid culture of the medicinal Basidiomycete  Cyathus africanus . In the present study, eight new highly polyoxygenated cyathane diterpenoids, named neocyathins K–R ( 1 – 8 ), were isolated from the solid culture of  C. africanus  cultivated on cooked rice, together with three known congeners ( 9 – 11 ). The structures and the absolute configurations of the new compounds were elucidated through comprehensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, and chemical conversion. Compounds  1  and  2  represent the first reported naturally occurring compounds with 4,9- seco- cyathane carbon skeleton incorporating an unprecedented medium-sized 9/7 fused ring system, while the 3,4- seco- cyathane derivative ( 3 ) was isolated from  Cyathus  species for the first time. All compounds were evaluated for their neurotrophic and anti-neuroinflammatory activity. All the isolates at 1–25 μM displayed differential nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth-promoting activity in PC-12 cells, while one of the compounds, allocyathin B 2  ( 11 ), inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia BV-2 cells. In addition, molecular docking studies showed that compound  11  generated interactions with the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein.

Polyoxygenated cyathane diterpenoids from the mushroom Cyathus africanus, and their neurotrophic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities