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A novel, sequential method of dip-coating a ZnO covered mesoporous TiO 2  electrode was performed using a non-halide lead precursor in an aqueous system to form a nanoscale perovskite film. The introduction of a ZnO interfacial layer induced significant adsorption in the non-halide lead precursor system. An efficient successive solid-state ion exchange and reaction process improved the morphology, crystallinity, and stability of perovskite solar cells. Improved surface coverage was achieved using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction processes. When all sequential dipping conditions were controlled, a notable power conversion efficiency of 12.41% under standard conditions (AM 1.5, 100 mW·cm −2 ) was achieved for the perovskite solar cells fabricated from an aqueous non-halide lead precursor solution without spin-casting, which is an environmentally benign and low-cost manufacturing processes.

All Sequential Dip-Coating Processed Perovskite Layers from an Aqueous Lead Precursor for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells