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Hybridization between species is being recognized as a major force in the rapid adaptive evolution of fungal plant pathogens. The first stages of interspecific hybridization necessarily involve nuclear-mitochondrial chimeras. In their 2001 publication, Olson and Stenlid reported that mitochondria control the virulence of first generation hybrids between the North American fungal pathogen  Heterobasidion irregulare  and its congeneric  H .  occidentale . By assessing saprobic ability and gene expression of  H .  irregulare  ×  H .  annosum sensu stricto  hybrids and of their parental genotypes, we demonstrate that mitochondria also influence saprobic growth of hybrids. Moreover, gene expression data suggest that fungal fitness is modulated by an intimate interplay between nuclear genes and mitochondrial type, and is dependent on the specific mitonuclear combination.

Mitonuclear interactions may contribute to fitness of fungal hybrids