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Despite the fungal abundance in honey and bee bread, little is known about the fungal gut community of the honey bee and its effect on host fitness. Using pyrosequencing of the  16S rRNA  gene and ITS2 region amplicons, we analysed the bacterial and fungal gut communities of the honey bee as affected by the host social status. Both communities were significantly affected by the host social status. The bacterial gut community was similar to those characterised in previous studies. The fungal gut communities of most worker bees were highly dominated by  Saccharomyces  but foraging bees and queens were colonised by diverse fungal species and  Zygosaccharomyces , respectively. The high fungal density and positive correlation between  Saccharomyces  species and  Lactobacillus  species, known yeast antagonists, were only observed in the nurse bee; this suggested that the conflict between  Saccharomyces  and  Lactobacillus  was compromised by the metabolism of the host and/or other gut microbes. PICRUSt analysis revealed significant differences in enriched gene clusters of the bacterial gut communities of the nurse and foraging bees, suggesting that different host social status might induce changes in the gut microbiota, and, that consequently, gut microbial community shifts to adapt to the gut environment.

Social status shapes the bacterial and fungal gut communities of the honey bee