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To obtain a comprehensive overview of the dynamic transcriptome during male floral bud development in  Populus tomentosa , high-throughput RNA-seq was conducted during eight flowering-related stages. Among the 109,212  de novo  assembled unigenes, 6,959 were differentially expressed during the eight stages. The overrepresented classed of genes identified by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment included ‘response to environmental stimuli’ and ‘plant-type spore development’. One-third of the differentially expressed genes were transcription factors (TFs). Several genes and gene families were analyzed in depth, including MADS-box TFs,  Squamosa promoter binding protein-like  family, receptor-like kinases,  FLOWERING LOCUS T / TERMINAL-FLOWER-LIKE 1  family, key genes involved in anther and tapetum development, as well as  LEAFY ,  WUSCHEL  and  CONSTANS . The results provided new insights into the roles of these and other well known gene families during the annual flowering cycle. To explore the mechanisms regulating poplar flowering, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed using 98 floral-related genes involved in flower meristem identity and flower development. Many modules of co-expressed genes and hub genes were identified, such as  APETALA1  and  HUA1 . This work provides many new insights on the annual flowering cycle in a perennial plant, and a major new resource for plant biology and biotechnology.

A Global View of Transcriptome Dynamics During Male Floral Bud Development in Populus tomentosa