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Vanadium has 11 oxide phases, with the binary VO 2  presenting stimuli-dependent phase transitions that manifest as switchable electronic and optical features. An elevated temperature induces an insulator–to–metal transition (IMT) as the crystal reorients from a monoclinic state (insulator) to a tetragonal arrangement (metallic). This transition is accompanied by a simultaneous change in optical properties making VO 2  a versatile optoelectronic material. However, its deployment in scalable devices suffers because of the requirement of specialised substrates to retain the functionality of the material. Sensitivity to oxygen concentration and larger-scale VO 2  synthesis have also been standing issues in VO 2  fabrication. Here, we address these major challenges in harnessing the functionality in VO 2  by demonstrating an approach that enables crystalline, switchable VO 2  on any substrate. Glass, silicon, and quartz are used as model platforms to show the effectiveness of the process. Temperature-dependent electrical and optical characterisation is used demonstrating three to four orders of magnitude in resistive switching, >60% chromic discrimination at infrared wavelengths, and terahertz property extraction. This capability will significantly broaden the horizon of applications that have been envisioned but remained unrealised due to the lack of ability to realise VO 2  on any substrate, thereby exploiting its untapped potential.

Insulator–metal transition in substrate-independent VO2 thin film for phase-change devices