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To understand why most eukaryotic microalgae accumulate lipids during nitrogen starvation stress, a gene,  MiglnB , encoding PII, a signal transduction protein, was cloned from the arachidonic acid-rich microalga  Myrmecia incisa  Reisigl. Similarly to its homologues, MiPII contains three conserved T-, B-, and C-loops. In the presence of abundant Mg 2+ , ATP, and Gln, MiPII upregulates Arg biosynthesis by interacting with the rate-limiting enzyme, MiNAGK, as evidenced by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and kinetics analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. However, this interaction of MiPII with MiNAGK is reversed by addition of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG). Moreover, this interaction is present in the chloroplasts of  M .  incisa , as illustrated cytologically by both immunoelectron microscopy and agroinfiltration of  Nicotiana benthamiana  leaves to determine the subcellular localization of MiPII with MiNAGK. During the process of nitrogen starvation, soluble Arg levels in  M .  incisa  are modulated by a change in MiNAGK enzymatic activity, both of which are significantly correlated ( r  = 0.854). A model for the manipulation of Arg biosynthesis via MiPII in  M .  incisa  chloroplasts in response to nitrogen starvation is proposed. The ATP and 2-OG saved from Arg biosynthesis is thus suggested to facilitate the accumulation of fatty acids and triacylglycerol in  M .  incisa  during exposure to nitrogen starvation.

Evidence for PII with NAGK interaction that regulates Arg synthesis in the microalga Myrmecia incisa in response to nitrogen starvation