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Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their hydrolysis products present in Brassicales play important roles in plants against herbivores and pathogens as well as in the protection of human health. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of species-specific GSLs and their hydrolysed products in  Raphanus sativus  L., we performed a comparative genomics analysis between  R. sativus  and  Arabidopsis thaliana . In total, 144 GSL metabolism genes were identified, and most of these GSL genes have expanded through whole-genome and tandem duplication in  R. sativus . Crucially, the differential expression of  FMOGS-OX2  in the root and silique correlates with the differential distribution of major aliphatic GSL components in these organs. Moreover,  MYB118  expression specifically in the silique suggests that aliphatic GSL accumulation occurs predominantly in seeds. Furthermore, the absence of the expression of a putative non-functional  epithiospecifier  ( ESP)  gene in any tissue and the  nitrile-specifier  ( NSP ) gene in roots facilitates the accumulation of distinctive beneficial isothiocyanates in  R. sativus . Elucidating the evolution of the GSL metabolic pathway in  R. sativus  is important for fully understanding GSL metabolic engineering and the precise genetic improvement of GSL components and their catabolites in  R. sativus  and other Brassicaceae crops.

Insights into the species-specific metabolic engineering of glucosinolates in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) based on comparative genomic analysis