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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) induced by eutrophication is becoming a serious global environmental problem affecting public health and aquatic ecological sustainability. A novel strategy for the utilization of biomass from HABs was developed by converting the algae cells into hollow mesoporous bio-hydrochar microspheres via hydrothermal carbonization method. The hollow microspheres were used as microreactors and carriers for constructing CaO 2  core-mesoporous shell-CaO 2  shell microspheres (OCRMs). The CaO 2  shells could quickly increase dissolved oxygen to extremely anaerobic water in the initial 40 min until the CaO 2  shells were consumed. The mesoporous shells continued to act as regulators restricting the release of oxygen from CaO 2  cores. The oxygen-release time using OCRMs was 7 times longer than when directly using CaO 2 . More interestingly, OCRMs presented a high phosphate removal efficiency (95.6%) and prevented the pH of the solution from rising to high levels in comparison with directly adding CaO 2  due to the OH −  controlled-release effect of OCRMs. The distinct core-double-shell micro/nanostructure endowed the OCRMs with triple functions for oxygen controlled-release, phosphorus removal and less impact on water pH. The study is to explore the possibility to prepare smarter bio-hydrochar materials by utilizing algal blooms.

From harmful Microcystis blooms to multi-functional core-double-shell microsphere bio-hydrochar materials