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Bacterial contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) street foods is a major concern worldwide. Dissemination of antibiotic resistant pathogens from food is an emerging public-health threat. To investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and ceftazidime resistance-associated efflux pumps in foodborne pathogens, 270 RTE street foods samples were collected in three densely populated Taiwanese cities. Among 70 ceftazidime non-susceptible isolates, 21  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , 12  Pseudomonas  spp., 22  Acinetobacter  spp., and 15  Enterobacteriaceae  isolates were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high levels of genetic diversity between all of the different strains. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 86.4% (19/22) of  Acinetobacter  spp., 100% (12/12) of  Pseudomonas  spp., 71.4% (15/21) of  S .  maltophilia , and 93.3% (14/15) of  Enterobacteriaceae . Of 70 ceftazidime non-susceptible isolates, 13 contained ESBLs or plasmid-mediated  ampC  genes and 23 contained ceftazidime resistance-associated efflux pumps, with  Acinetobacter  spp. identified as predominant isolate (69.6%; 16/23). AdeIJK pump RNA expression in  Acinetobacter  isolates was 1.9- to 2-fold higher in active efflux strains. Nine clinically resistant genes were detected:  catIII  and  cmlA  (chloramphenicol);  aacC1 ,  aacC2 ,  aacC3 , and  aacC4  (gentamicin);  tet (A),  tet (C), and  tet (D) (tetracycline). The scope and abundance of multidrug-resistant bacteria described in this report underscores the need for ongoing and/or expanded RTE monitoring and control measures.

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Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in ceftazidime non-susceptible bacterial pathogens from ready-to-eat street foods in three Taiwanese cities