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Salmonella  possesses virulence determinants that allow replication under extreme conditions and invasion of host cells, causing disease. Here, we examined four putative genes predicted to encode membrane proteins ( ydiY, ybdJ ,  STM1441  and  ynaJ ) and a putative transcriptional factor ( yedF ). These genes were identified in a previous study of a  S . Typhimurium clinical isolate and its multidrug-resistant counterpart. For STM1441 and  yedF  a reduced ability to interact with HeLa cells was observed in the knock-out mutants, but an increase in this ability was absent when these genes were overexpressed, except for  yedF  which phenotype was rescued when  yedF  was restored. In the absence of  yedF , decreased expression was seen for: i) virulence-related genes involved in motility, chemotaxis, attachment and survival inside the host cell; ii) global regulators of the invasion process ( hilA ,  hilC  and  hilD ); and iii) factors involved in LPS biosynthesis. In contrast, an increased expression was observed for anaerobic metabolism genes. We propose  yedF  is involved in the regulation of  Salmonella  pathogenesis and contributes to the activation of the virulence machinery. Moreover, we propose that, when oxygen is available,  yedF  contributes sustained repression of the anaerobic pathway. Therefore, we recommend this gene be named  vrf , for virulence-related factor.

First insights into the pleiotropic role of vrf (yedF), a newly characterized gene of Salmonella Typhimurium