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In higher plants, miR156 regulates the vegetative phase change via the target  SBP/SPL  genes. The regulation of miR156 during ontogenetic processes is not fully understood. In the apple genome, of 31 putative  MdMIR156  genes that encode pre-miR156, seven were dominantly expressed. However, the transcript levels of only  MdMIR156a5  and  MdMIR156a12  decreased significantly during the vegetative phase change, which was consistent with the mature miR156 level, indicating that miR156 is under transcriptional regulation. Leaf H 2 O 2  content was higher in the adult phase than in the juvenile phase because of excess H 2 O 2  accumulation in chloroplasts. When  in vitro  shoots were treated with menadione, diphenyleneiodonium, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or buthionine sulphoximine, the expressions of  MdMIR156a5 ,  MdMIR156a12 , and as well miR156 were coordinated with reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio but not H 2 O 2  contents. Alteration of miR156 expression level by  MdMIR156a6- overexpressing or miR156-mimetic transgenic  Nicotiana benthamiana  did not cause a corresponding change in reactive oxygen species or GSH status. Collectively, the results indicate that the vegetative phase change in apple is controlled by the  MdMIR156a5  and  MdMIR156a12  transcriptional regulatory network in response to the plastid–nucleus redox signals, such as GSH.

miR156 switches on vegetative phase change under the regulation of redox signals in apple seedlings