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Since 2007, most areas of China have seen outbreaks of poultry airsacculitis, which causes hugely economic losses to the poultry industry. However, there are no effective measures to combat the problem. In this study, 105 rations were collected to isolate  Aspergillus  spp. from the diseased farms. In subsequent experiments, SPF chickens were inoculated with  Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale  (ORT),  Chlamydia psittaci  ( C. psittaci ) and  Aspergillus fumigatus  ( A. fumigatus ), and mortality rate, body weight gain and lesion score were evaluated. Of these ration samples, 63 (60.0%) were  A. fumigates , 21 (20.0%) were  Aspergillus niger  ( A. niger ) and 11 (10.5%) were  Aspergillus candidus  ( A. candidus ). Furthermore, SPF birds infected with  C. psittaci , ORT, H9N2 virus and  A. fumigatus  conidia exhibited a mortality rate of 40%, while simultaneous co-infection with  C. psittaci , ORT and  A. fumigatus  resulted in a mortality rate of 20%. The avian airsacculitis was manifested in the  C .  psittaci  + ORT/ A. fumigatus ,  C. psittaci  + H9N2 + ORT/ A. fumigatus  and  C. psittaci  + H9N2/ A. fumigatus  groups while others had transient respiratory diseases without mortality. Our survey indicates that feed-borne  A. fumigatus  is prevalent in poultry rations. The combination of  C. psittaci , ORT, H9N2 and  A. fumigatus  conidia contributes to the replication of avian airsacculitis by aggravating the severe damage to the air sacs and lungs of chickens.

Co-infection of Chlamydia psittaci with H9N2, ORT and Aspergillus fumigatus contributes to severe pneumonia and high mortality in SPF chickens