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Vibrio vulnificus  causes fatal infections in humans, and antibiotics are commonly used in treatment regimens against  V. vulnificus  infection. However, the therapeutic effects of antibiotics are limited by multidrug resistance. In this study, we demonstrated that an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), HPA3P His , loaded onto a gold nanoparticle-DNA aptamer (AuNP-Apt) conjugate (AuNP-Apt-HPA3P His ) is an effective therapeutic tool against  V. vulnificus  infection  in vivo  in mice. HPA3P His  induced bacterial cell death through the disruption of membrane integrity of  V. vulnificus . The introduction of AuNP-Apt-HPA3P His  into  V. vulnificus -infected HeLa cells dramatically reduced intracellular  V. vulnificus  by 90%, leading to an increase in the viability of the infected cells. Moreover, when  V. vulnificus -infected mice were intravenously injected with AuNP-Apt-HPA3P His , a complete inhibition of  V. vulnificus  colonization was observed in the mouse organs, leading to a 100% survival rate among the treated mice, whereas all the control mice died within 40 hours of being infected. Therefore, this study demonstrated the potential of an AMP delivered by AuNP-Apt as an effective and rapid treatment option against infection caused by a major pathogen in humans and aquatic animals.

Antimicrobial peptide-loaded gold nanoparticle-DNA aptamer conjugates as highly effective antibacterial therapeutics against Vibrio vulnificus