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Coral calcification is dependent on both the supply of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the up-regulation of pH in the calcifying fluid (cf). Using geochemical proxies (δ 11 B, B/Ca, Sr/Ca, Li/Mg), we show seasonal changes in the pH cf  and DIC cf  for  Acropora yongei  and  Pocillopora damicornis  growing  in-situ  at Rottnest Island (32°S) in Western Australia. Changes in pH cf  range from 8.38 in summer to 8.60 in winter, while DIC cf  is 25 to 30% higher during summer compared to winter (×1.5 to ×2 seawater). Thus, both variables are up-regulated well above seawater values and are seasonally out of phase with one another. The net effect of this counter-cyclical behaviour between DIC cf  and pH cf  is that the aragonite saturation state of the calcifying fluid (Ω cf ) is elevated ~4 times above seawater values and is ~25 to 40% higher during winter compared to summer. Thus, these corals control the chemical composition of the calcifying fluid to help sustain near-constant year-round calcification rates, despite a seasonal seawater temperature range from just ~19° to 24 °C. The ability of corals to up-regulate Ω cf  is a key mechanism to optimise biomineralization, and is thus critical for the future of coral calcification under high CO 2  conditions.

Active modulation of the calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry (δ11B, B/Ca) and seasonally invariant coral calcification at sub-tropical limits