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In certain conditions, members of the  Lactobacillus  genus are auxotrophs that have fastidious requirements for growth. Notably,  Lactobacillus  cannot grow in M9 medium, a minimal synthetic medium used for  Escherichia coli . However, we found that some  Lactobacillus  strains can be grown in M9 when co-cultured with  E. coli  K-12. In the co-culture,  L. casei  proliferates exponentially, reaching cell densities of 10 8  CFU (colony-forming unit) ml −1  in 6 h and dominating  E. coli  in the late growth phase. Spent medium from  E. coli  grown overnight lacked this growth-promoting effect on  L. casei . Similarly, the effect was not observed when the species were separated by a 0.4-µm membrane. Microscopic observations showed that  L. casei  are embedded in the micro-scale clusters of  E. coli  in the early growth phase. This study describes for the first time the ability of a  Lactobacillus  species to grow in minimal medium when in close proximity with co-cultured bacteria.

Adjacent-possible ecological niche: growth of Lactobacillus species co-cultured with Escherichia coli in a synthetic minimal medium