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Of the nearly 6,800 extant frog species, most have weak jaws that play only a minor role in prey capture. South American horned frogs ( Ceratophrys ) are a notable exception. Aggressive and able to consume vertebrates their own size, these “hopping heads” use a vice-like grip of their jaws to restrain and immobilize prey. Using a longitudinal experimental design, we quantified the ontogenetic profile of bite-force performance in post-metamorphic  Ceratophrys cranwelli . Regression slopes indicate positive allometric scaling of bite force with reference to head and body size, results that concur with scaling patterns across a diversity of taxa, including fish and amniotes (lizards, tuatara, turtles, crocodylians, rodents). Our recovered scaling relationship suggests that exceptionally large individuals of a congener ( C. aurita ) and extinct giant frogs ( Beelzebufo ampinga , Late Cretaceous of Madagascar) probably could bite with forces of 500 to 2200 N, comparable to medium to large-sized mammalian carnivores.

Bite force in the horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli) with implications for extinct giant frogs