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We investigated cytosolic calcium (Ca 2+ ) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+  regulation in skeletal muscle fibers of hibernating Daurian ground squirrels ( Spermophilus dauricus ), non-hibernating hindlimb-unloaded (HLU) squirrels, and HLU rats to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in preventing muscle atrophy in hibernators. The Na + , K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase activities in the soleus muscle (SOL) of squirrels were maintained in hibernation, decreased during interbout arousal (IB-A), and increased to autumn/pre-hibernation (AUT/Pre-H) levels in torpor after interbout arousal (Post-IBA), whereas activities in the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were stable during hibernation, but increased during post-hibernation (Post-H). Activities increased in the SOL of HLU rats, but were stable in HLU squirrels. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA) activity in the SOL decreased in IB-A squirrels, but returned to AUT/Pre-H levels in the Post-IBA group; no significant changes were found in the EDL. SERCA activity increased in the EDL of HLU squirrels and SOL of HLU rats. Compared with AUT/Pre-H, SERCA type 2 protein expression increased in the SOL and EDL of IB-A and Post-IBA squirrels, but increased in the SOL only in HLU animals. We also describe the protein kinase A changes in this paper. Thus, hibernating ground squirrels displayed remarkable Na + , K + -ATPase, Ca 2+ -ATPase, and SERCA plasticity.

Remarkable plasticity of Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and SERCA contributes to muscle disuse atrophy resistance in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels