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Although genetically engineered crops producing insecticidal Cry proteins from  Bacillus thuringiensis  ( Bt ) are grown worldwide, few studies cover effects of  Bt  crops or Cry proteins on dipteran species in an agricultural context. We tested the toxicity of six purified Cry proteins and of  Bt  cotton and  Bt  maize tissue on  Drosophila melanogaster  (Diptera: Drosophilidae) as a surrogate for decomposing Diptera. ELISA confirmed the presence of Cry proteins in plant material, artificial diet, and fly larvae, and concentrations were estimated. Median concentrations in emerging adult flies were below the limit of detection. Bioactivity of purified Cry proteins in the diet was confirmed by sensitive species assays using  Heliothis virescens  (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Purified Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1F, or Cry2Aa, or leaf material from stacked  Bt  cotton (Bollgard II producing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) or  Bt  maize (SmartStax producing Cry1A.105, Cry1Fa2, Cry2Ab2, Cry3Bb1, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1) had no consistent effects on  D. melanogaster  survival, developmental time, adult body mass or morphometrics. However,  D. melanogaster  showed longer developmental time and smaller wing size when fed with cotton leaves from plants infested with  H. virescens  caterpillars compared to flies fed with leaves from uninfested plants, while no such effects were obvious for maize.

Effects of purified or plant-produced Cry proteins on Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae