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Parallel phylogenies between aphid and its obligate symbiont  Buchnera  are hot topics which always focused on aphid lower taxonomic levels. Symbionts in the subfamily Lachninae are special.  Buchnera  in many lachnine species has undergone functional and genome size reduction that was replaced by other co-obligate symbionts. In this study, we constructed the phylogenetic relationships of Lachninae with a combined dataset of five genes sequenced from  Buchnera  to estimate the effects of a dual symbiotic system in the aphid- Buchnera  cospeciation association. The phylogeny of  Buchnera  in Lachninae was well-resolved in the combined dataset. Each of the genera formed strongly supported monophyletic groups, with the exception of the genus  Cinara . The phylogeny based on sequences from  Buchnera  was divided into five tribes according to the clades of the Lachninae hosts tree, with the phylogenies of  Buchnera  and Lachninae being generally congruent. These results first provided evidence of parallel evolution at the aphid subfamily level comprehensively and supported the view that topological congruence between the phylogenies of  Buchnera  and Lachninae would not be interfered with the other co-obligate symbionts, such as  Sarretia , in aphid-entosymbiont association. These results also provided new insight in understanding host-plant coevolution in lachnine lineages.

Insect-bacteria parallel evolution in multiple-co-obligate-aphid association: a case in Lachninae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)