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Monoecious species provide an excellent system to study the specific determinants that underlie male and female flower development.  Quercus suber  is a monoecious species with unisexual flowers at inception. Despite the overall importance of this and other tree species with a similar reproductive habit, little is known regarding the mechanisms involved in the development of their male and female flowers. Here, we have characterised members of the ABCDE MADS-box gene family of  Q. suber . The temporal expression of these genes was found to be sex-biased. The B-class genes, in particular, are predominantly, or exclusively (in the case of  QsPISTILLATA ), expressed in the male flowers. Functional analysis in Arabidopsis suggests that the B-class genes have their function conserved. The identification of sex-biased gene expression plus the identification of unusual protein-protein interactions suggest that the floral organ identity of  Q. suber  may be under control of specific changes in the dynamics of the ABCDE model. This study constitutes a major step towards the characterisation of the mechanisms involved in reproductive organ identity in a monoecious tree with a potential contribution towards the knowledge of conserved developmental mechanisms in other species with a similar sex habit.

Role of floral organ identity genes in the development of unisexual flowers of Quercus suber L.