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Salinity affects growth and development of plants, but mangroves exhibit exceptional salt tolerance. With direct exposure to salinity, mangrove roots possess specific adaptations to tolerate salt stress. Therefore, studying the early effects of salt on mangrove roots can help us better understand the tolerance mechanisms. Using two-month-old greenhouse-grown seedlings of the mangrove tree  Avicennia officinalis  subjected to NaCl treatment, we profiled gene expression changes in the roots by RNA-sequencing. Of the 6547 genes that were differentially regulated in response to salt treatment, 1404 and 5213 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively. By comparative genomics, 93 key salt tolerance-related genes were identified of which 47 were up-regulated. Upon placing all the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in known signaling pathways, it was evident that most of the DEGs involved in ethylene and auxin signaling were up-regulated while those involved in ABA signaling were down-regulated. These results imply that ABA-independent signaling pathways also play a major role in salt tolerance of  A .  officinalis . Further, ethylene response factors (ERFs) were abundantly expressed upon salt treatment and the  Arabidopsis  mutant  aterf115 , a homolog of  AoERF 114 is characterized. Overall, our results would help in understanding the possible molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in plants.

Transcriptomics analysis of salt stress tolerance in the roots of the mangrove Avicennia officinalis