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Bifidobacteria are important members of human gut microbiota; however, quantitative data on their early-life dynamics is limited. Here, using a sensitive reverse transcription-qPCR approach, we demonstrate the carriage of eight signature infant-associated  Bifidobacterium  species ( B. longum, B. breve, B. bifidum, B. catenulatum  group , B. infantis, B. adolescentis, B. angulatum  and  B. dentium ) in 76 healthy full-term vaginally-born infants from first day to three years of life. About 21% babies carry bifidobacteria at first day of life (6.2 ± 1.9 log 10  cells/g feces); and this carriage increases to 64% (8.0 ± 2.2), 79% (8.5 ± 2.1), 97% (9.3 ± 1.8), 99% (9.6 ± 1.6), and 100% (9.7 ± 0.9) at age 7 days, 1, 3 and 6 months, and 3 years, respectively.  B. longum, B. breve, B. catenulatum  group and  B. bifidum  are among the earliest and abundant bifidobacterial clades. Interestingly, infants starting formula-feed as early as first week of life have higher bifidobacterial carriage compared to exclusively breast-fed counterparts. Bifidobacteria demonstrate an antagonistic correlation with enterobacteria and enterococci. Further analyses also reveal a relatively lower/ delayed bifidobacterial carriage in cesarean-born babies. The study presents a quantitative perspective of the early-life gut  Bifidobacterium  colonization and shows how factors such as birth and feeding modes could influence this acquisition even in healthy infants.

Evolution of gut Bifidobacterium population in healthy Japanese infants over the first three years of life: a quantitative assessment