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The endothelial microenvironment is critical in maintaining the health and function of the intimal layer in vasculature. In the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the vascular endothelium is the layer of initiation for the progression of atherosclerosis. While laminar blood flows are known to maintain endothelial homeostasis, disturbed flow conditions including those the endothelium experiences in the carotid artery are responsible for determining the fate of CVD progression. We present a microfluidic device designed to monitor the endothelium on two fronts: the real-time monitoring of the endothelial permeability using integrated electrodes and the end-point characterization of the endothelium through immunostaining. Our key findings demonstrate endothelial monolayer permeability and adhesion protein expression change in response to oscillatory shear stress frequency. These changes were found to be significant at certain frequencies, suggesting that a frequency threshold is needed to elicit an endothelial response. Our device made possible the real-time monitoring of changes in the endothelial monolayer and its end-point inspection through a design previously absent from the literature. This system may serve as a reliable research platform to investigate the mechanisms of various inflammatory complications of endothelial disorders and screen their possible therapeutics in a mechanistic and high-throughput manner.

Detection of frequency-dependent endothelial response to oscillatory shear stress using a microfluidic transcellular monitor