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The contents and properties of soil organic phosphorus (P o ) largely drive ecosystem productivity with increasing development of natural soil. We hypothesized that soil P o  would initially increase with paddy management and then would persist under steady-state conditions. We analyzed soils from a 2000-year chronosequence of a rice-wheat rotation and an adjacent non-paddy 700-year chronosequence in Bay of Hangzhou (China) for their P o  composition using solution  31 P-NMR after NaOH-EDTA extraction. Land reclamation promoted P o  accumulation in both paddy and non-paddy topsoils (depths ≤ 18 cm) until steady-state equilibria were reached within 200 years of land use. Greater P o  concentrations were found, however, in the non-paddy subsoils than in those under paddy management. Apparently, the formation of a dense paddy plough pan hindered long-term P o  accumulation in the paddy subsoil. The surface soils showed higher proportions of orthophosphate diesters under paddy than under non-paddy management, likely reflecting suppressed decomposition of crop residues despite elevated microbial P compounds stocks under anaerobic paddy-rice management. Intriguingly, the composition of P o  was remarkably stable after 194-years of paddy management and 144-years of non-paddy management, suggesting novel steady-state equilibria of P dynamics had been reached in these man-made ecosystems after less than two centuries.

Soil organic phosphorus transformations during 2000 years of paddy-rice and non-paddy management in the Yangtze River Delta, China