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SCS pincer ligands  1 – 4  were synthesised, and their ability to extract Pd(II) from HCl and HNO 3  media was studied. The Pd(II) extraction properties of  1 – 4  were compared with those of commercial extractants (DOS and LIX ® 84-I) in kerosene.  1  and  2  showed superior Pd(II) extractability ( E % = 99.9) relative to DOS and LIX ® 84-I from 0.1–8.0 M HCl and to DOS from 0.1–8.0 M HNO 3  and mixed HCl + HNO 3  media. The Pd(II) extraction rate, acid durability, the most suitable organic/aqueous (O/A) phase ratio, and Pd(II) loading capacity of extractants  1 ,  2 , and DOS were evaluated.  1  and  2  exhibited a greater Pd(II) extraction rate and Pd(II) loading capacity than DOS.  1  was very stable in acid media (HCl and HCl + HNO 3 ), whereas  2  and DOS deteriorated in HCl + HNO 3 . Selective extraction of Pd(II) by  1  and  2  was achieved from a mixed solution containing Pd, Pt, Rh, rare metals, and base metal ions that simulated the leach liquors of automotive catalysts. The back extraction of Pd(II) and reusability of extractants  1  and  2  were studied. The Pd(II) extraction mechanism of  1 – 4  was investigated using FT-IR, UV-visible, and NMR spectroscopy.

scientific reports

Synthesis of pincer-type extractants for selective extraction of palladium from PGMs: An improved liquid-liquid extraction approach to current refining processes