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Despite considerable research, the location of an aliovalent dopant into SnO 2  nanoparticles is far to be clarified. The aim of the present study on trivalent lanthanide doped SnO 2  is to differentiate between substitutional  versus  interstitial and surface  versus  bulk doping, delineate the bulk and surface defects induced by doping and establish an  intrinsic  dopant distribution. We evidence for the first time a complex distribution of intrinsic nature composed of substitutional isolated, substitutional associates with defects as well as surface centers. Such multi-modal distribution is revealed for Eu and Sm, while Pr, Tb and Dy appear to be distributed mostly on the SnO 2  surface. Like the previously reported case of Eu, Sm displays a long-lived luminescence decaying in the hundreds of ms scale which is likely related to a selective interaction between the traps and the substitutional isolated center. Analyzing the time-gated luminescence, we conclude that the local lattice environment of the lattice Sn is not affected by the particle size, being remarkably similar in the ~2 and 20 nm particles. The photocatalytic measurements employed as a probe tool confirm the conclusions from the luminescence measurements concerning the nature of defects and the temperature induced migration of lanthanide dopants.

Nanoscale insights into doping behavior, particle size and surface effects in trivalent metal doped SnO2