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The development of a strategy to stabilise the cubic phase of HfO 2  at lower temperatures is necessary for the emergence of unique properties that are not realised in the thermodynamically stable monoclinic phase. A very high temperature (>2600 °C) is required to produce the cubic phase of HfO 2 , whereas the monoclinic phase is stable at low temperature. Here, a novel rapid synthesis strategy was designed to develop highly crystalline, pure cubic-phase HfO 2  nanoparticles (size <10 nm) using microwave irradiation. Furthermore, the as-prepared nanoparticles were converted to different morphologies (spherical nanoparticles and nanoplates) without compromising the cubic phase by employing a post-hydrothermal treatment in the presence of surface modifiers. The cytotoxicities and proliferative profiles of the synthesised cubic HfO 2  nanostructures were investigated over the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, along with caspase-3/7 activities. The low-temperature phase stabilisation was significantly attributed to surface imperfections (defects and deformations) induced in the crystal lattice by the desirable presence of Na 2 S·xH 2 O and NaOH. Our work provides unprecedented insight into the stabilisation of nanoscale cubic-phase HfO 2  in ambient environments; the method could be extended to other challenging phases of nanomaterials.

A novel approach to low-temperature synthesis of cubic HfO2 nanostructures and their cytotoxicity