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We analyze the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of the large set of genes for chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in the two main pest locusts. We used the available transcriptome and genome data to infer the number of genes using BLAST searches and sequence similarity matrices. Maximum likelihood phylogenies revealed the relationships between these CSPs and CSPs from several arthropods. RNAseq and qPCR allowed associating CSPs to locust phases. Crossing the phylogenetic and expression data allowed us to deduce homologies and conservation of the involvement in the phase change. We confirm that  Locusta migratoria  has at least 58 CSP gene copies, only five of which lack evidence of expression, and we reveal that  Schistocerca gregaria  has at least 42 expressed CSP genes. Both species share 21 orthologs, whereas 33  L .  migratoria  and 15  S .  gregaria  CSPs seem species-specific. Additional six  S .  gregaria  and four  L .  migratoria  CSPs seem duplications. Although the expression profiles are not especially conserved, seven orthologous CSP pairs share a gregarious over-expression pattern in adult locusts. We thus confirm that the number of locusts’ CSPs is large, due to gene duplications during the evolution of Orthoptera, we establish sequence and potential functional homologies, and we highlight specific CSPs that appear to be involved in locust gregariousness either in general or in a species-specific manner.

Evolution, expression and association of the chemosensory protein genes with the outbreak phase of the two main pest locusts