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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with two alternatives to antibiotics ( Candida tropicalis  and mulberry leaf flavonoids) on intestinal microbiota of preweaned calves challenged with  Escherichia coli  K99. Sixty Holstein calves were randomly assigned to 5 treatments: fed a basal diet (N-CON); fed a basal diet and challenged with  E.coli  K99 (P-CON); fed a basal diet supplemented with  C.tropicalis  (CT), mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLF), and the combination of the two additives (CM), respectively, and challenged with  E.coli  K99. The MLF and CM groups had significantly higher average daily grain and feed efficiency, and significantly lower fecal scores compared with the P-CON group after  E. coli  K99 challenge. The supplementation groups increased the relative abundance, at the phylum level, of  Bacteroidetes  and  Proteobacteria , whereas at the genus level, they increased the relative abundance of  Prevotella ,  Lactobacillus , and  Enterococcus . Quantitative PCR revealed that the CT, MLF, and CM groups had significantly lower copy numbers of  E.coli  K99 compared with the P-CON group. The CT, MLF, and CM treatments reduce days of diarrhea, improve intestinal health, and beneficially manipulate the intestinal microbiota in preweaned calves.

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Effects of dietary supplementation with two alternatives to antibiotics on intestinal microbiota of preweaned calves challenged with Escherichia coli K99