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Chronic stress and elevated glucocorticoid hormone are associated with decreases in the intestinal epithelial tight junction protein claudin-1 (CLDN1). Human/rat  CLDN1  promoters contain glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) and adjacent transcription repressor HES1 binding N-boxes. Notch signaling target HES1 expression was high and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) low at the crypt base and the pattern reversed at the crypt apex. Chronic stress reduced overall rat colon HES1 and NR3C1 that was associated with CLDN1 downregulation. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that HES1 and NR3C1 bind to the  CLDN1  promoter in rat colon crypts. The binding of NR3C1 but not HES1 to  CLDN1  promoter significantly decreased in chronically stressed animals, which was prevented by the NR3C1 antagonist RU486. We employed the 21-day Caco-2/BBe cell model to replicate cell differentiation along the crypt axis. HES1 siRNA treatment early in differentiation increased CLDN1. In contrast, stress levels of cortisol decreased CLDN1 in late differentiation stage but not in the early stage. HES1 was high, whereas NR3C1 and CLDN1 were low in the early stage which reversed in the late stage, e.g. HES1/NR3C1 binding to  CLDN1  promoter demonstrates a dynamic and reciprocal pattern. These results suggest that chronic stress impairs colon epithelium homeostasis and barrier function via different mechanisms along the crypt axis.

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Chronic stress and intestinal barrier dysfunction: Glucocorticoid receptor and transcription repressor HES1 regulate tight junction protein Claudin-1 promoter