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Plant ontogenetic stage and features of surrounding plant neighbourhoods can strongly influence herbivory and defences on focal plants. However, the effects of both factors have been assessed independently in previous studies. Here we tested for the independent and interactive effects of neighbourhood type (low vs. high frequency of our focal plant species in heterospecific stands) and ontogeny on leaf herbivory, physical traits and chemical defences of the English oak  Quercus robur . We further tested whether plant traits were associated with neighbourhood and ontogenetic effects on herbivory. We found that leaf herbivory decreased in stands with a low frequency of  Q. robur , and that saplings received less herbivory than adult trees. Interestingly, we also found interactive effects of these factors where a difference in damage between saplings and adult trees was only observed in stands with a high frequency of  Q. robur . We also found strong ontogenetic differences in leaf traits where saplings had more defended leaves than adult trees, and this difference in turn explained ontogenetic differences in herbivory. Plant trait variation did not explain the neighbourhood effect on herbivory. This study builds towards a better understanding of the concurrent effects of plant individual- and community-level characteristics influencing plant-herbivore interactions.

Interactive effects of plant neighbourhood and ontogeny on insect herbivory and plant defensive traits