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Streptococcus gordonii  and  Streptococcus sanguinis  are pioneer colonizers of dental plaque and important agents of bacterial infective endocarditis (IE). To gain a greater understanding of these two closely related species, we performed comparative analyses on 14 new  S .  gordonii  and 5  S .  sanguinis  strains using various bioinformatics approaches. We revealed  S .  gordonii  and  S .  sanguinis  harbor open pan-genomes and share generally high sequence homology and number of core genes including virulence genes. However, we observed subtle differences in genomic islands and prophages between the species. Comparative pathogenomics analysis identified  S .  sanguinis  strains have genes encoding IgA proteases, mitogenic factor deoxyribonucleases, nickel/cobalt uptake and cobalamin biosynthesis. On the contrary, genomic islands of  S .  gordonii  strains contain additional copies of  comCDE  quorum-sensing system components involved in genetic competence. Two distinct polysaccharide locus architectures were identified, one of which was exclusively present in  S .  gordonii  strains. The first evidence of genes encoding the CylA and CylB system by the α-haemolytic  S .  gordonii  is presented. This study provides new insights into the genetic distinctions between  S .  gordonii  and  S .  sanguinis , which yields understanding of tooth surfaces colonization and contributions to dental plaque formation, as well as their potential roles in the pathogenesis of IE.

Distinct Biological Potential of Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis Revealed by Comparative Genome Analysis