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The physiological effects of caesium (Cs) on living cells are poorly understood. Here, we examined the physiological role of Cs +  on the activity of the potassium transporters in  E .  coli . In the absence of potassium (K + ), Kup-mediated Cs +  uptake partially supported cell growth, however, at a much lower rate than with sufficient K + . In K + -limited medium (0.1 mM), the presence of Cs +  (up to 25 mM) in the medium enhanced growth as much as control medium containing 1 mM K + . This effect depended on the maintenance of basal levels of intracellular K +  by other K +  uptake transporters. Higher amounts of K +  (1 mM) in the medium eliminated the positive effect of Cs +  on growth, and revealed the inhibitory effect of high Cs +  on the growth of wild-type  E .  coli . Cells lacking Kdp, TrkG and TrkH but expressing Kup grew less well when Cs +  was increased in the medium. A  kdp  mutant contained an increased ratio of Cs + /K +  in the presence of high Cs +  in the medium and consequently was strongly inhibited in growth. Taken together, under excess Cs +  conditions Kup-mediated Cs +  influx sustains cell growth, which is supported by intracellular K +  supplied by Kdp.

Kup-mediated Cs+ uptake and Kdp-driven K+ uptake coordinate to promote cell growth during excess Cs+ conditions in Escherichia coli