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Since the report of its discovery in  E. coli  in late 2015, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene,  mcr-1 , has been detected in various bacterial species in clinical setting and various environmental niches. However, the transmission mechanisms of this gene in  Salmonella  is less defined. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive study to characterize the genetic features of  mcr-1 -positive  Salmonella  strains isolated from animals and foods. Our data revealed that  Salmonella  recovered from animals and food specimens exhibited highly different PFGE patterns, and acquired  mcr-1 -encoding plasmids via different mechanism. Plasmids harboring  mcr-1  in  Salmonella  food isolates were all conjugative and similar as plasmids reported in other species of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas  mcr-1 -bearing plasmids from animal  Salmonella  isolates were not conjugative, and belonged to the IncHI2 type. The lack of a region carrying the  tra  genes was found to account for the inability to undergo conjugation for various sizes of IncHI2 plasmids harbored by animal strains. These data suggest that transmission of  mcr-1 -positive  Salmonella  from animal to food might not be a common event and food isolates may have acquired  mcr-1 -bearing plasmids from other  mcr-1 -positive bacteria such as  E. coli , which co-exist in food samples.

Distinct mechanisms of acquisition of mcr-1 –bearing plasmid by Salmonella strains recovered from animals and food samples