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Our study explored the effect of oral intubation of  Bacillus subtilis  on  Aeromonas hydrophila -induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp. The mid-intestine mucosal tissue was collected for ATPase activity measurement. Intestinal mucosa was also ultrastructurally examined with transmission electron microscope (TEM), and its permeability was determined using Evans blue (EB) and D-lactic acid. The mid-intestine pro-inflammation cytokine, MyD88 and tight junction (TJ) protein mRNA expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results revealed that  B. subtilis  was found to prevent the decrease in the activity of Na + , K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ -ATPase, as well as the increase in EB and D-lactic acid concentration and inflammation induced by  A. hydrophila  in grass carp. Compared with  A. hydrophila  groups,  B. subtilis  safeguarded the integrity of intestinal villi and tight junction structure and restrained  A. hydrophila -induced down-regulation of TJ proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin.  B. subtilis  also restrained up-regulation of TJ protein claudin b, pro-inflammation cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-1β, and adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) mRNA levels. Thus, oral intubation of  B. subtilis  could reduce  A. hydrophila -induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation.

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Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)