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The efficacy of biochar as an environmentally friendly agent for non-point source and climate change mitigation remains uncertain. Our goal was to test the impact of biochar amendment on paddy rice nitrogen (N) uptake, soil N leaching, and soil CH 4  and N 2 O fluxes in northwest China. Biochar was applied at four rates (0, 4.5, 9 and13.5 t ha −1  yr −1 ). Biochar amendment significantly increased rice N uptake, soil total N concentration and the abundance of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), but it significantly reduced the soil NO 3   − -N concentration and soil bulk density. Biochar significantly reduced NO 3   − -N and NH 4   + -N leaching. The C2 and C3 treatments significantly increased the soil CH 4  flux and reduced the soil N 2 O flux, leading to significantly increased net global warming potential (GWP). Soil NO 3   − -N rather than NH 4   + -N was the key integrator of the soil CH 4  and N 2 O fluxes. Our results indicate that a shift in abundance of the AOA community and increased rice N uptake are closely linked to the reduced soil NO 3   − -N concentration under biochar amendment. Furthermore, soil NO 3   − -N availability plays an important role in regulating soil inorganic N leaching and net GWP in rice paddies in northwest China.

Biochar amendment reduces paddy soil nitrogen leaching but increases net global warming potential in Ningxia irrigation, China