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Drought stress conditions in soil or air hinder plant growth and development. Here, we report that the hot pepper (   Capsicumannuum )  R ING type  E 3  L igase  1  gene ( CaREL1 ) is essential to the drought stress response.  CaREL1  encodes a cytoplasmic- and nuclear-localized protein with E3 ligase activity.  CaREL1  expression was induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought.  CaREL1  contains a C3H2C3-type RING finger motif, which functions in ubiquitination of the target protein. We used  CaREL1 -silenced pepper plants and  CaREL1 -overexpressing (OX) transgenic Arabidopsis plants to evaluate the  in vivo  function of CaREL1 in response to drought stress and ABA treatment.  CaREL1 -silenced pepper plants displayed a drought-tolerant phenotype characterized by ABA hypersensitivity. In contrast,  CaREL1 -OX plants exhibited ABA hyposensitivity during the germination, seedling, and adult stages. In addition, plant growth was severely impaired under drought stress conditions, via a high level of transpirational water loss and decreased stomatal closure. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that ABA-related drought stress responsive genes were more weakly expressed in  CaREL1 -OX plants than in wild-type plants, indicating that CaREL1 functions in the drought stress response via the ABA-signalling pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that CaREL1 functions as a negative regulator of ABA-mediated drought stress tolerance.

Pepper CaREL1, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, regulates drought tolerance via the ABA-signalling pathway