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Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) and  n -alkane data from sediments in the northern South China Sea reveal variations in material from C 4  plants in East Asia over the last ~19 Ma. These data indicate the likely presence of C 4  taxa during the earliest part of the record analysed, with C 4  species also prominent during the mid and late Miocene and especially the mid Quaternary. Notably the two records diverge after the mid Quaternary, when PyC data indicate a reduced contribution of C 4  taxa to biomass burning, whereas plant-derived  n -alkanes indicate a greater abundance of C 4  plants. This divergence likely reflects differences in the predominant source areas of organic materials accumulating at the coring site, with PyC representing a larger source area that includes material transported in the atmosphere from more temperate (relatively cooler and drier) parts of East Asia. Variations in the relative abundances of C 3  and C 4  taxa appear to be linked to a combination of environmental factors that have varied temporally and geographically and that are unique to East Asia. A major expansion of C 4  biomass in warmer subtropical parts of eastern Asia from ~1 Ma and particularly from ~0.4 Ma is later than other parts of the world.

New sedimentary evidence reveals a unique history of C4 biomass in continental East Asia since the early Miocene